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Strategic marketing framework

It all starts here...

Want to know the seven commandments of influence?

The father of influence, Robert Cialdini, will show you the way...

What is customer segmentation?...

...and pass the aspirin while you're at it...

Can you afford your new brand positioning? Ask HSBC, the former "World's Local Bank"

It happens time & time again... some bright, creative marketers or agency folks devise a clever new brand positioning for a company or product... so far, so good... The problem, however, is that the clever new positioning rarely gets vetted, analyzed or market-tested to determine the associated benefits and costs (one-time and ongoing).  And, of course, the bitter irony is that the more successful the new positioning is the more money the company may lose as the operating costs associated with the new positioning run out of control.

Case in Point: HSBC -  fka "The World's Local Bank"
HSBC invested millions and millions of dollars back in the early 2000s to "plant a chip" in the minds of consumers that it was, "The World's Local Bank".  And, the bank was quite successful in its campaign as evidenced by the millions of people who would pass by an HSBC branch and instead of saying, "let's stop off at the HSBC ATM," they would utter, "let's stop off at the ATM of the world's local bank" (okay, perhaps I'm embellishing a bit, but the new positioning was quite successful).

But only a few years later, HSBC discovered something rather unfortunate.  The ongoing investment in marketing & operations to support HSBC's "World's Local Bank" positioning was outweighing the benefits. The negative ROI of the new positioning was going to cause the global bank to become much, much smaller. Think "The World's Local Bank" without the word, "World".
HSBC: The World's Local Bank.  
Not pretty, especially to shareholders.   The company was gushing money, and, in a post-Lehman Brothers world, even bank's like HSBC which had successfully weather the financial storm-of-the-century were still extremely vulnerable.

What?!?  My local HSBC branch has no phones?  The Cost of Branding Success...
HSBC's "World's Local Bank" brand positioning was so successful that even a few years after ditching it, many people, including fifteen-year customers like myself, still thought HSBC was the undisputed king of glocal* banks (i.e. the world's local bank).

Which brings us to a few days ago when I needed to call my local HSBC branch to find out whether the only branch employee with the power to guarantee signatures was in the office.  Despite my best Google ninja-searching, the only phone number I could find was HSBC's general customer service number - i.e., the 800 number that connects customers to low-cost call centers typically located 1,000+ miles from my local branch in New York City.  As I learned from my subsequent joyful visit to my branch, local branches no longer provided contact numbers to their local banking customers.

How could The World's Local Bank not provide customers with the phone numbers of its local branches?!?  I was outraged... and as I found out only a few hours later, the answer was quite simple.  HSBC was no longer the world's local bank.  It was just another huge, impersonal bank with a new brand positioning that was apparently so powerful, so captivating that I cannot even remember it.  And, of course, just like any other enormous, impersonal bank, the whole notion of local anything, including the phone numbers of local branches was no longer necessary.  HSBC now has a new image to uphold - one of "global impersonalism". Local phone numbers begone.


Recommended reading


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*In case you're wondering, yes, it was painful for me to go with an over-used business buzz word like "glocal," but how much better the sentence flows with its inclusion :)





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21 Great Questions to Generate New Product Innovations

As I always say, if you can't beat 'em, re-publish 'em - with the proper sourcing, of course :)   With a career that has focused deeply on product (management, marketing, development), I'd like to think I'm quite the connoisseur of the finest of writings on such topics.  Below is a terrific set of questions for getting you out of your box and into your mind's innovation lab.  The questions were first published in an HBR article in December 2007.  Enjoy.

21 Great Questions for Developing New Products
“De-average” buyers and users
  1. Which customers use or purchase our product in the most unusual way?
  2. Do any customers need vastly more or less sales and service attention than most?
  3. For which customers are the support costs (order entry, tracking, customer-specific design) either unusually high or unusually low?
  4. Could we still meet the needs of a significant subset of customers if we stripped 25% of the hard or soft costs out of our product?
  5. Who spends at least 50% of what our product costs to adapt it to their specific needs?

Explore unexpected successes
  1. Who uses our product in ways we never expected or intended?
  2. Who uses our product in surprisingly large quantities?
  3. Look beyond the boundaries of our business
  4. Who else is dealing with the same generic problem as we are but for an entirely different reason? How have they addressed it?
  5. What major breakthroughs in efficiency or effectiveness have we made in our business that could be applied in another industry?
  6. What information about customers and product use is created as a by-product of our business that could be the key to radically improving the economics of another business?

Examine binding constraints
  1. What is the biggest hassle of purchasing or using our product?
  2. What are some examples of ad hoc modifications that customers have made to our product?
  3. For which current customers is our product least suited?
  4. For what particular usage occasions is our product least suited?
  5. Which customers does the industry prefer not to serve, and why?
  6. Which customers could be major users, if only we could remove one specific barrier we’ve never previously considered?

Imagine perfection
  1. How would we do things differently if we had perfect information about our buyers, usage, distribution channels, and so on?
  2. How would our product change if it were tailored for every customer?
  3. Revisit the premises underlying our processes and products
  4. Which technologies embedded in our product have changed the most since the product was last redesigned?
  5. Which technologies underlying our production processes have changed the most since we last rebuilt our manufacturing and distribution systems?
  6. Which customers’ needs are shifting most rapidly? What will they be in five years?




Recommended reading





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Strategic Marketing Framework to print out & hang on your wall at work

I've found this framework to be immensely helpful to me throughout my career.  Particularly during those fire-fighting, short-term focused periods of work that we all experience from time to time, this framework has always helped me to reorient myself & recalibrate.     

There's a lot more to come with the framework - I'll be drilling down into the different dimensions in more detail so you can have a richer understanding for how to use it to develop robust new marketing strategies and to improve existing ones.

Please feel free to email me if you have any questions about how to put the framework to use within your business.

strategic marketing framework











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What is customer segmentation?

Like so many buzz words in business & marketing, "customer segmentation" is one of those terms that is interpreted by folks to mean many different types of things. If the word "segmentation" were blurted out in a room of 20 business people, chances are it would conger up 20 different images. So what is customer segmentation, and how can it be used to propel one's business?


Segmentation defined
Customer segmentation is a method for grouping customers based upon similarities they share with respect to any dimensions you deem relevant to your business - whether it be customer needs, channel preferences, interest in certain product features, customer profitability, etc. The key is for you, the marketer, to first decide on what basis you wish to segment your customers (or prospects for that matter). And, the only way to answer this question is to first determine what your objective is for the segmentation, and thus what you want the segmentation to "do for you".


Common segmentation objectives
  • Developing new products
  • Creating differentiated marketing communications & ads
  • Developing differentiated customer servicing & retention strategies
  • Targeting prospects with the greatest profit potential
  • Developing multi-channel distribution strategies
Once you have decided what your objective is for the segmentation, you can answer the question, "what do I want the segmentation to do for me?"



A brief example: segmenting for customer win-backs
Let's say you worked for a subscription-based magazine such as Newsweek. Your boss has asked you to optimize Newsweek's retention strategy utilizing the current save tactic of sending people who have recently canceled their subscriptions (aka "attritors") 1 of 3 "win-back" mailers. This existing save tactic has been employed by Newsweek for the past 2 years, and the method for determining which attritor receives which mailer has been based largely on "intuition" (aka random selection).


Step 1: Your first step in undertaking this project would be to clearly state your objective. Your objective, as per your boss, is to optimize Newsweek's retention strategy for recent attritors. This is shorthand for saying, "I want you to maximize your return on your retention-dollars invested". Without getting into the nitty gritty of the approach, what you essentially want to do is determine the relative ROIs for each of the 3 mailers at the individual attritor level. For each mailer, you then want to identify those attritors with high ROIs (i.e., those attritors who re-instated their magazine subscriptions after receiving the mailer and provided you with future profits that well-exceeded the cost of the mailer).

Step 2: For each win-back mailer you want to identify those attributes which the high-ROI attritors have in common, essentially creating a profile for "high-ROI attritors" for each mailer.

Step 3: The final step is to operationalize the three profiles you've created so you can use them to determine which of the 3 mailers, if any, to send to future attritors. This essentially entails implementing a process in which new attritors are matched up against the 3 profiles to determine which, if any, best describe them. A more sophisticated approach would be to build predictive models that would calculate the expected ROI for each mailer for each attritor, and then send out the mailer with the highest expected ROI to the attritor. And, for those attritors in which all 3 mailers have negative expected ROIs you might choose not to send any win-back mailers.

Closing thoughts on segmentation
In closing, segmentation can be tricky and complex, and no doubt requires a great deal of expertise & experience. Putting in place flawed segmentation strategies can be far more detrimental to a business than not having them at all. However, when designed the right way, segmentation strategies can provide tremendous returns relative to one-size-fits-all approaches. In future posts I will tackle some other types of segmentation strategies, including those involving new product development and portfolio management. As always, feel free to email me with any of your questions, comments or thoughts. As always, feel free to email me if you have any questions about segmentation and how to most effectively use it within your business.






More posts on segmentation & marketing strategy:


Great books & articles on segmentation:











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An ode to Robert Cialdini, the father of social influence

"Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion" is one of my favorite business books of all time.  As someone who has always been fascinated by those factors that most influence behavior & decision-making, I'm naturally interested in the "art of persuasion".  Not to mention the little fact that persuasion, done well and through an ethical prism, is a key success factor for developing effective, sustainable marketing programs.

Cialdini HestonIn expressing my reverence for Mr. Cialdini while still (hopefully) providing readers with valuable marketing nuggets, I've put together a little cheat sheet of his famed laws of persuasion.  For each "commandment", I've included examples of how it is commonly employed within marketing.  However, each of these laws can be leveraged across many of life's little domains - from getting your child into that perfect school to getting bumped up to first class en route from Dallas to San Francisco.  

Enjoy, and please share your experiences with these laws - the good, the bad and the ugly.  Be they related to marketing or how you've employed them in other facets of your life.

CIALDINI LAW OF INFLUENCE MARKETING EXAMPLE
Reciprocity
You giving to me makes me really want to give back to you – I feel indebted. I owe you! Call it a form of closed-loop Karma if you like.
  • The free trial, an unexpected free gift with your purchase
  • A free whitepaper, free e-newsletter
  • Telling customers you’ve donated $15 to the charity of their choice before they’ve even completed a purchase (there are many ways to engineer this)
Scarcity
People hate to miss out on something, even if it’s something they don’t like! Human evolution made us into hoarders, and we can't seem to shake the habit.
  • The “closing window” – “last chance”, “only one week left!” “Act now while supplies last!” “Here today, gone tomorrow – don’t delay!”
  • “Limited-edition” products – art prints, coins, Barbies, Star Wars figures
Likability
We want to do nice things for people we like. We’re also more likely to trust & listen to them.

So whom do we tend to like? 1) People we have lots in common with 2) people who love to tell us how great & good-looking we are! (We just can’t get enough praise)
  • Celebrity & athlete endorsements
  • “Our product is for smart, attractive people, just like YOU!” (Oh, how I blush… keep talking!)
  • Why car salespeople try to learn early on what you both have in common. The closer you feel to her, the more you like her and are liable to trust her.
Authority
People wearing nice suits. Police officers. Firefighters. Doctors. We become zombies in the presence of such authority figures in their domains of expertise. “I’ll do whatever you say…”
  • Power of “Opinion Leaders” – featuring Consumer Reports’ positive review of your product, including an endorsement from Seth Godin on the back of your book (although he has been kind of spreading the wealth lately…)
  • Getting H&R Block to endorse your new tax software or Suze Orman to endorse your new no-load mutual fund)
Social Proof
They seem to like it, so there must be something good about it. Aka, “the bandwagon effect”, “wisdom of the crowds”.
  • Testimonials (especially from people like yourself)
  • Power of word-of-mouth, customer reviews
  • Long lines outside a night club (even though the club is often half-empty).
Consistency / Commitment
My current actions must align with my prior actions & commitments. Contradictory behavior makes me very uneasy.
  • “Foot-in-the-door” technique - getting someone to make small commitments to lead up to much bigger commitment.
  • Getting user to register for free e-newsletter or to become “fan” on Facebook before offering user fee-based offerings.
Contrast
We always evaluate our situations using some type of reference point – whether we’re evaluating the “goodness” of our incomes, spouses, children, education, etc.

Marketers & salespeople engineer reference points for you for certain purchase settings. E.g., when you’re buying a new car, the salesperson wants you to think about the $1k “option” to install heated tush warmers relative to the $40k you’re already spending for the car, and not the 3% interest you’d earn by instead putting the $1k into your savings account.
  • For only $19 you can get 6 more inches of legroom for your flight from NYC to LA! The flight’s already $450 – what’s $19 more for 5-hours of comfort?
  • “How about this nice $200 tie to go with your new $2k suit? You’re already spending $2k, why not spend a mere 10% more and make the suit perfect!”

How can I start using this information today?
  • Clarify your goal or objective.  For example, "I want to increase the ROI on my email acquisition spend" 
  • Go through each Cialdini law one-by-one and ask, "How might I use it to improve my email acquisition efforts?"  For example, for "social proof", you may decide to test the inclusion of testimonials or "seals of approval" from leading authorities within the body of your email.  For "likability", you may test emails with imagery of people who closely resemble your target market - from the clothes they wear to the surroundings in which they live.   
No Moral Judgments A quick side note to those who feel "persuasion" is a four-letter word. To be clear, I'm not looking to generate a forum for moral soap-boxing. These laws exist whether we like it or not; a consequence of human evolution, and without their development we'd likely have gone the way of dinosaurs.  Like Cialdini, I believe these laws can be used for good, for bad, and for everything in between.  At a minimum we should all be aware of them since they do have such a profound impact on our daily lives.  Now that I got that off my chest... enjoy!
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More from R. Cialdini plus other great persuasion content 
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